说英语时,如果只用动词来表达意思,显然很单调。为了让动词相关的细节更加丰富,就会用各种修饰动词的方式。其中介词短语是很重要一部分,充当状语或表语。这里要谈介词短语的种类以及其他动词修饰语。
一、介词短语
介词短语由「介词+名词/代词/动名词」组成,可以表示时间(time)、状况(manner)、原因(reason)、地点(place)、方法(means)、让步(concession)等。例如:
1. He came at two o'clock.
他两点钟回来了。(at two o'clock,介词短语,表时间)
2. Ramat spoke in a loud voice.
拉马特大声地说。(in a loud voice,介词短语,表示状况)
3. Some failed because of being sluggish.
一些人由于拖延迟缓而没有通过考试。(because of being sluggish,介词短语,表示原因。)
4. The picnickers arrived at the beach.
野餐的人们到达了海滩。(at the beach,介词短语,表示地点。)
5. The cook cut with a sharp knife.
那个厨师用一把锋利的刀切东西。(with a sharp knife,介词短语 ,表示工具,方法)
6. Jason turned up in spite of the rain.
尽管下雨,杰森还是来了。(in spite of the rain, 介词短语,表示让步。)
二、副词
如果不用短语,可以用副词表示「时间、状况、地点」,还有「程度」(degree)和频率(frequency)等。例如:
7. I have heard something like that before.
以前我曾听说过那样的事情。(before,副词,以前,表示时间。)
8. The soldiers fought bravely.
士兵们作战勇敢。(bravely,副词,勇敢地,表示状况。)
9. Go there, please!
请过去一下。(there,副词,那里,表示地点。)
10. I quite understand your problem.
我很理解你的问题。(quite,副词,十分地,表示程度。)
11. Some students often talk in class.
一些学生经常在课堂上聊天。(often,副词,经常,表示频率)
三、状语从句
除了副词和介词短语之外,另一种常见的动词修饰语,就是从属连词引导的状语从句,可以表示「时间、条件、地点、让步、目的、结果、比较」等。例如:
12. After he had watched the football match on TV, he went to bed.
他在电视上看完那场足球比赛后,去睡觉了。(after,连词,在....之后,引出表示时间的状语从句。)
13. Helen got the job because she was the best candidate.
海伦因为是最佳人选,所以她得到了那份工作。(because,连词,因为......,引出表示原因的状语从句。)
14. If it rains, you had better stay at home to study.
如果下雨,你最好呆在家里学习。(if,连词,如果,引出表示条件的状语从句。)
15. Sit wherever you like.
想坐在哪里都可以。(wherever,连词,无论在哪里,引出表示地点的状语从句。)
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16. Some people are happy though they are not rich.
有些人尽管不富有,但是他们很开心。(though,连词,尽管,引出表示让步的状语从句。)
17. We eat so that we may live.
我们吃饭是为了活下去。(so that,连词,以便于,引出表示目的的状语从句。)
18. Tom drove so fast that he had an accident.
汤姆开车太快了,以至于他出了车祸。(so...that...,连词,太....以至于....,引出结果状语从句。)
19. This year's profits are smaller than they were last year.
今年的利润比去年的要少。(than,连词,比......,引出比较状语从句。)
四、其他修饰语
副词、介词短语与状语分句是三种主要的动词修饰语。此外,名词短语、动名词、不定式动词及短语,甚至形容词也可以修饰动词。例如:
20. He came a long way.
他走了很长的路。(a long way,名词短语,很长的路。)
21. Who is the boy who came running?
跑过来的那个男孩是谁?(running,动名词,come 和 go 经常带动名词,例如,go swimming,go shopping等)
22. You must try to play some outdoor games.
你必须尝试玩一些户外运动。(to play some outdoor games,不定式动词短语,也可以理解为做宾语。)
23. For lack of rain, the pool went dry.
由于缺少雨水,水塘干涸了。(dry,形容词,干的。此处也可以理解为作表语,went充当系动词的作用。)
上面第20.-23.的动词修饰语较固定,副词、介词短语以及状语从句修饰动词时,位置则灵活些,可以在句子前面或后面;有时还可以在中间,如:
24. You may, if you want, come to the meeting as usual.
如果你想来的话,你可以像往常一样来参加会议。(if you want,表示条件的状语从句放在句子中间。)
如果句子中有不只一个副词时,通常可以这样排列:状况+地方+时间,如:
25. I saw Joelle walk quickly there yesterday.
我昨天在那里看见乔尔急匆匆地走过。(quickly,飞快地,表示状态;there,在那里,表示地方;yesterday,昨天,表示时间。)
26. Can you speak loudly on the platform tomorrow?
明天你能在讲台上大声讲话吗?(loudly,大声地,表示状态;on the platform,在讲台上,表示地方;tomorrow,明天,表示时间。)
如果句子中同时有副词、介词短语和状语从句,那么最短的最先出现,最长的(通常是状语从句)最后才出来,或者移至主句之前,如:
27.a. They went directly to the hotel after the plane had arrived.
飞机到达后,他们直接去了酒店。
b. After the plane had arrived, they went directly to the hotel.
飞机到达后,他们直接去了酒店。
28.a. David wants to see you personally in his office if you don't mind.
如果你不介意的话,大卫想在他的办公室亲自见你。
b. If you don't mind, David wants to see you personally in his office.