編譯｜馮維維
Science , 15 MAR 2024, VOLUME 383 ISSUE 6688
【科學】 2024年3月15日，第383卷，6688期
化學 Chemistry
Reinforcing self-assembly of hole transport molecules for stable inverted perovskite solar cells
鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中電洞輸運分子的增強自組裝
▲ 作者：HONGCAI TANG, ZHICHAO SHEN, YANGZI SHEN, GE YAN, YANBO, QIFENG HAN, AND LIYUAN HAN
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9602
▲ 摘要：
研究者使用原子層沈積來穩定鈣鈦礦太陽能電池（PSCs）中用作電洞傳輸層的自組裝單層（SAM）。他們發現，在透過原子層沈積沈積額外的氧化銦後，SAMs在透明氧化銦錫電極上的錨定強度更強。
這些薄膜具有高覆蓋率的強化學吸附羥基，透過三甲氧基矽烷基團結合SAM。在85℃的最大功率點跟蹤下工作1200小時後，倒置PSCs保持了98%的功率轉換效率。
▲ Abstract：
Atomic-layer deposition was used by Tang et al. to stabilize self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) used as the hole-transporter layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). They found that SAMs were anchored more strongly to the transparent indium tin oxide electrode after additional indium oxide was deposited by atomic-layer deposition. These films had a high coverage of strongly chemisorbed hydroxyl groups that bound the SAM through trimethoxysilane groups. Inverted PSCs maintained 98% of their power-conversion efficiency after operating at maximum power point tracking at 85°C for 1200 hours.
Electron injection and defect passivation for high-efficiency mesoporous perovskite solar cells
高效介孔鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的電子註入與缺陷鈍化
▲ 作者：JIALE LIU, XIAYAN CHEN, KAIZHONG CHEN, WENMING TIAN, YUSONG SHENG, BIN SHE, YOUYU JIANG, DEYI ZHANG, YANG LIU, etc.
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9089
▲ 摘要：
透過氧化鈦界面缺陷鈍化改進電子註入，提高了介孔鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的效率。在這些裝置中，由碳、二氧化鈦和填充鈣鈦礦的二氧化鋯組成的層狀介孔支架具有條帶排列，可以在沒有電洞傳輸層的情況下分離電荷。
研究者用磷酸銨鈍化二氧化鈦上的缺陷，改善電子註入。由此產生的電荷重組的減少將功率轉換效率提高到22%左右。在55℃的最大功率點跟蹤750小時後，器材保持了97%的初始效率。
▲ Abstract：
Improved electron injection through passivation of defects at the titanium oxide interface has boosted the efficiency of mesoporous perovskite solar cells. In these devices, a layered mesoporous scaffold of carbon, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide filled with perovskite has a band alignment that separates charges without a hole-transporter layer. Liu et al. passivated defects on titanium dioxide with ammonium phosphate to improve electron injection. The resulting decrease in charge recombination boosted the power-conversion efficiency to about 22%. Devices maintained 97% of their initial efficiency after 750 hours of maximum power point tracking at 55°C.
A commercially viable solution process to control long-chain branching in polyethylene
商業上可行的控制聚乙烯長鏈分支的溶液工藝
▲ 作者：ROBERT D. FROESE, DANIEL J. ARRIOLA, JAAP DEN DOELDER, JIANBO HOU, TERESITA KASHYAP, KERAN LU, LUCA MARTINETTI, AND BRYAN D. STUBBERT
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3067
▲ 摘要：
低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）廣泛套用於塑膠薄膜和其他柔韌制品，其性質來自於分支分子結構，而非直分子結構，這需要一種能量密集的高壓合成技術。研究者報告了一種在溫和的溶液條件下實作長鏈分支的獨特方法。
他們的催化劑可以同時組裝兩條鏈，透過使用少量的二烯和乙烯的混合物來連線，形成一個階梯狀的幾何結構。所得塑膠具有與LDPE相當的效能。
▲ Abstract：
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely applied in plastic films and other pliable products. It derives its properties from a branched rather than straight molecular structure, which requires an energy-intensive, high-pressure synthesis technique. Froese et al. report a distinct method to achieve long-chain branching under milder, solution-phase conditions. Their catalyst can assemble two chains at once, linked through the use of a small amount of diene mixed in with the ethylene, to create a ladder-like geometry. The resulting plastic has properties comparable to LDPE.
Two-dimensional materials by large-scale computations and chemical exfoliation of layered solids
二維材料的大規模計算和層狀固體的化學剝落
▲ 作者：JONAS BJÖRK, JIE ZHOU, PER O. Å. PERSSON, AND JOHANNA ROSEN
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6556
▲ 摘要：
MXenes是一類由過渡金屬碳化物、氮化物或碳氮化物組成的層狀無機化合物。它們通常是透過在酸性條件下對三維（3D）母材進行選擇性蝕刻而獲得的。一個懸而未決的問題是，是否有其他分層材料可以利用現有的化學工藝獲得。
研究者描述了一種使用計算進行高通量篩選的方法，以確定哪些3D材料可能進行成功的化學剝離。他們確定了119個潛在的候選材料，並透過實驗從母體YRu2Si2化合物中合成了Ru2SixOy納米片，這是一種與標準MXenes家族完全不同的材料。
▲ Abstract：
MXenes are a family of layered inorganic compounds made of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. They are most often obtained through the selective etching of three-dimensional (3D) parent materials under acidic conditions. One open question is whether there are other layered materials that might be obtained using existing chemical processes. Björk et al. describe a method for high-throughput screening using computation to determine which 3D materials might undergo successful chemical exfoliation. The authors identified 119 possible candidates, from which they experimentally synthesized Ru2SixOy nanosheets from a parent YRu2Si2 compound, a material quite different from the standard families of MXenes
Grid-plainification enables medium-temperature PbSe thermoelectrics to cool better than Bi2Te3
電網平化可使中溫硒化鉛熱電材料比碲化鉍更好地冷卻
▲ 作者：YONGXIN QIN, BINGCHAO QIN, TAO HONG, XIAO ZHANG, DONGYANG WANG, DONGRUI LIU, ZI-YUAN WANG, LIZHONG SU, SINING WANG, AND LI-DONG ZHAO
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9589
▲ 摘要：
熱電冷卻是一種有吸重力的固態方法，但目前它依賴於資源有限的碲基材料。研究者發現了一種相對簡單的硒化鉛基材料，具有吸引人的冷卻潛力。
他們發現，在混合物中加入額外的鉛有助於填補空缺，從而提高熱電效率。透過將這種材料與硒化錫配對，研究者構建了一個具有相對吸引人的效能的冷卻裝置，並展示了無碲冷卻的潛力。
▲ Abstract：
Thermoelectric cooling is an attractive solid-state method, but it currently relies on resource-limited telluride-based materials. Qin et al. discovered a relatively simple lead selenide–based material that has attractive cooling potential. They found compositions in which extra lead added to the system helped to fill in vacancies, thus improving the thermoelectric efficiency. By pairing this material with tin selenide, the authors built a cooling device that has relatively attractive performance and demonstrates the potential for tellurium-free cooling.
生態學 Ecology
Diversity begets stability: Sublinear growth and competitive coexistence across ecosystems
多樣性帶來穩定性：跨生態系的亞線性增長和競爭性共存
▲ 作者：IAN A. HATTON, ONOFRIO MAZZARISI, ADA ALTIERI, AND MATTEO SMERLAK
▲ 連結：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg8488
▲ 摘要：
隨著時間的推移，地球上一些最具生物多樣性的生態系也是最穩定的，然而生態學理論預測，當更多的物種共存時，群落會變得不那麽穩定。最常用的物種共存模型來自Lotka-Volterra模型，該模型假設族群遵循邏輯增長模式，並且需要自我調節以允許多個物種穩定共存。
研究者發現，一種具有亞線性人口增長的替代模型在人口水平上提供了與廣義Lotka-Volterra模型幾乎相同的預測，但對社區的預測卻截然不同。在亞線性模型下，多樣性促進穩定性。該模型與已發表的族群時間序列和宏觀生態尺度關系一致。
▲ Abstract：
Some of Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystems are also its most stable over time, yet ecological theory predicts that communities become less stable when more species co-occur. The most commonly used models of species coexistence are derived from the Lotka-Volterra model, which assumes that populations follow logistic growth patterns and that self-regulation is required to allow multiple species to stably coexist. Hatton et al. show that an alternative model with sublinear population growth provides nearly identical predictions to generalized Lotka-Volterra models at the population level but very different predictions for communities. Under the sublinear model, diversity promotes stability. This model is consistent with published population time series and macroecological scaling relationships.
